Simultaneous removal of anionic and cationic dye mixtures from wastewater using calcined Zn₂–Al–CO₃ layered double hydroxides

Abstract

The discharge of wastewater containing dyes from textile, paper, leather, and dyeing industries represents a major environmental problem due to the high stability, toxicity, and persistence of these pollutants in aquatic environments. Industrial effluents frequently contain complex mixtures of anionic and cationic dyes, making their removal by conventional treatment methods particularly challenging. Therefore, the development of efficient and versatile adsorbent materials is essential for wastewater treatment.